A History of European Genocides
Contents
Introduction
Great Britain
Spain
Italy
France
Germany
Portugal
Belgium
Australia
Reference
Introduction
European genocides have made them the worst criminal civilization in history. Bin Laden and all other Muslim terrorist groups combined will just be an ant under the elephant’s feet, not taking into account that these so called Islamic terrorists have been funded and empowered by west. Below is a discussion of European Genocides. Perhaps the discussion is not exhaustive to include all genocides. I have not also included here other crimes such as economic plunder, land grab, espionage, accomplice to mass killings etc. Also, I have only included the colonial era, not the middle ages such as crusades against Muslims, or the Roman world, or the post-colonial world which is really neo-colonialism.
Great Britain
“The history of the Raj was punctuated by famines, which caused tens of millions of deaths. These were not, as Mike Davis claims, colonial ‘holocausts’. But the British failed lamentably in India, as they did in Ireland, in their duty of care. Condemning ‘humanitarian hysterics’ during the worst Victorian famine, Lord Lytton said that the stoppage of his 1876 durbar ‘would be more disastrous to the permanent interests of the Empire than twenty famines’. Despite pleas from the Secretary of State for India Leo Amery during the terrible 1943-44 Bengal famine, Churchill refused to divert scarce shipping to Calcutta. He thought that ‘the starvation of anyway underfed Bengalis’ was less serious than that of sturdy Greeks, particularly as Indians would go on breeding ‘like rabbits’.
When crushing opposition in Ceylon in 1818, the British killed over one per cent of the population. Thirty years later not a single European on the island perished in the only insurrection worthy of the name. But 200 alleged rebels were hanged or shot, and more were flogged or imprisoned.
Governor Eyre’s reprisals after the Morant Bay uprising in Jamaica followed the same pattern. In the wake of their disastrous retreat from Kabul in 1842, the British meted out enough retributive homicide to earn the perpetual enmity of Afghanistan. Burma,Kenya and Iraq were subjugated with equal violence. After the Indian Mutiny soldiers such as Garnet Wolseley did much to fulfil their vow to spill ‘barrels and barrels of the filth which flows in these niggers’ veins for every drop of blood’ they had shed. During the South African War the British allowed a sixth of the Boer population, mostly children, to die in concentration camps.” [1]
Spain
With the initial conquest of the Americas completed, the Spanish implemented the encomienda system. In theory, encomienda placed groups of indigenous peoples under Spanish oversight to foster cultural assimilation and conversion to Christianity, but in practice led to the legally sanctioned exploitation of natural resources and forced labour under brutal conditions with a high death rate. Though the Spaniards did not set out to exterminate the indigenous peoples, believing their numbers to be inexhaustible, their actions led to the annihilation of entire tribes such as the Arawak[2]. In the 1760s, an expedition despatched to fortify California, led by Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra, was marked by slavery, forced conversions and genocide through the introduction of disease.[3] It is estimated that during the Spanish conquest of the Americas up to eight million indigenous people died, mainly through disease (caused by subjugation and deliberate negligence of the people)[4]
Italy
With the Pacification of Libya initiated in response to a major rebellion by indigenous Libyans against Italian colonial rule, there were mass deaths of the indigenous people in Cyrenaica - one quarter of Cyrenaica's population of 225,000 people died during the conflict[5]. Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of illegal chemical weapons, episodes of refusing to take prisoners of war and instead executing surrendering combatants, and mass executions of civilians[6]. Italian authorities committed ethnic cleansing by forcibly expelling 100,000 Bedouin Cyrenaicans, almost half the population of Cyrenaica, from their settlements that was slated to be given to Italian settlers[7].
France
According to the Algerian documents, between 350,000 and 1.5 million Algerians died during the Algerian War of Independence. According to the French side, the number of killed Algerian civilians is about 350.000, but not more!!! In memoirs, some French officers have described torture of Algerians during the war. Edouard Sablier, for instance, one of the soldiers who took part in the repression, later described the situation: "Everywhere in the towns there were camps surrounded by barbed wire containing hundreds of suspects who had been arrested… Often, when we set out to inspect an isolated hamlet in the mountains, I heard people say, 'We should punish them by taking away their crops'. Some Algerian intellectuals argue that the number of genocides against the Algerian people is not one but many. Prof. Dr. Ali Al-Hail for instance says "French constituted numerous genocides against the Algerians".
Algeria first became a colony of France in 1830. When in 1954 the Algerian people rioted against the French colonial rule, the French dispatched 400,000 troops to pacify the anti-colonial uprising. The French colonial forces launched an air and ground offensive against several eastern cities, particularly Setif and Guelma, in response to anti-French riots. The crackdown lasted several days and according to the Algerian state left 45,000 people dead. European historians put the figure at between 15,000 and 20,000. French attacks continued not only in Algerian territories but in France as well. The Paris massacre of 1961 was the most vivid example: On October 17 the French police attacked an unarmed demonstration of Algerians, who demanded the freedom of their country from French colonial rule. How many demonstrators were killed is still unclear but estimates range from 32 to 200 people. The incident had not been officially confirmed until 1999. There were executions and widespread arrests during the War of Independence. "Villages were bombed from the air and a town was shelled from a cruiser at sea. The attacks were more or less random. The point was not so much to punish the original rioters as to teach the whole Muslim population to know their place. Settlers set up their own unofficial death squads and killed hundreds of Muslims.
German and Italian prisoners of war were released to take part in the massacre". As Le Monde Diplomatique put it, "as France celebrated victory in Europe on 8 May 1945, its army was massacring thousands of civilians in Sétif and Guelma - events that were the real beginning of Algeria’s war of independence." After a war which ended in Algeria's independence in 1962, eight million Algerian residents were deprived of French nationality and hundreds of thousands of pieds-noirs (French who settled in Algeria and were re-patriated at the end of the war) were forced "home" to a place which was not home. Ahmed Ben Bella also argues that the French committed a genocide against the people and Algerian culture: "Algeria's indigenous population was decimated in the early years of French settler colonial rule, falling from over four million in 1830 to less than 2.5 million by 1890. Systematic genocide was coupled with the brutal suppression of Algerian cultural identity. Indigenous Algerians were French subjects but could only become French citizens if they renounced Islam and Arab culture. A ruthless policy of acculturation followed, and the remaining Algerians were forced to cease speaking their native Arabic and use the French of their colonial masters instead. The indigenous Muslim population of Algeria was not permitted to hold political meetings or bear arms. French archives of that time are closed and not allowed to either French or Algerian. In response to the action of the French parliament, making it an offense to deny the supposed Armenian genocide, the Turkish parliament is drafting a bill to make it illegal to deny that the French committed genocide in Algeria[8].
French involvement in Rwandan Genocide in 1994 has not been discussed here.
Germany
“I destroy the African tribes with streams of blood... Only following this cleansing can something new emerge, which will remain” [9]. Herero and Namaqua Genocide was a campaign of racial extermination and collective punishment that the government of German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia) undertook against the Herero and Nama people. It is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century[10] [11] [12] [13]. It took place between 1904 and 1907 during the Herero Wars. In total, 24,000–100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama died[14] [15]. The genocide was characterised by widespread death from starvation and thirst because the Herero who fled the violence were prevented from leaving the Namib Desert. Some sources also claim that the German colonial army systematically poisoned desert wells (Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny, "Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts" pg. 51, Routledge, 2004,). That was pre-Adolf era.
Portugal
During the Portuguese Conquest of Americas, Cabral made landfall off the Atlantic coast. Over the following decade he pursued a policy of the systematic eradication of the indigenous Tupí, Tapuya and other tribes which lived along the coast. It is estimated that of the 2.5 million indigenous peoples who had lived in the region which now comprises Brazil, less than 10 per cent survived to the 1600s[16]. Over eighty indigenous tribes were destroyed between 1900 and 1957, and of a population of over one million during this period eighty per cent had been killed through disease, violent enslavement or murder.[17]
Belgium
Leopold II (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second king of the Belgians and is chiefly remembered for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State. Abuses, especially in the rubber industry, included the effective enslavement of the native population, beatings, widespread killing, and frequent mutilation when the production quotas were not met. Estimates of the death toll range from two million to fifteen million[18] [19] [20]. Since the first official census by the Belgian authorities in 1924 put the population at about 10 million, that implies a rough estimate of 10 million dead.[21]
Australia
The extinction of the Tasmanian Aborigines is regarded as a classic case of genocide by Lemkin, most comparative scholars of genocide, and many general historians, including Robert Hughes, Ward Churchill, Leo Kuper and Jared Diamond, who base their analysis on previously published histories[22]. Between 1824 and 1908 White settlers and Native Mounted Police in Queensland, according to Raymond Evans, killed more than 10,000 Aborigines, who were regarded as vermin and sometimes even hunted for sport.[23]
The European Jews definitely have learned two things before they were trashed on Palestine: Land grab and genocide. Their European masters continue to assist them in every way possible.
The left wing white people will tolerate you as long as you are adhering to their version of liberal Ideology while the right wing will see if your white or no. The excuse of immigration to justify right wing hate is not new but their age old technique. During colonialism they used Darwinism to subjugate who they perceived as lesser races, then during ww2 they used the jews as problem of western civilization and now they using Islam and Muslims. Dont trust these right wing devils. They just end up with extinction of all that is not white, if there is indeed such a thing as pure white race... #immigration #islam #muslims #geography #multicultural #tolerance #resistance
West has lost morally. Their global persecution of people, through sanctions wars, cultural genocide, assassinations, civil turmoil, coup etc, who want independence and self determination is the proof they are afraid of revolutionary sentiments of people and proof they lack courage.... The only thing west survives is through global terrorism....their forefathers came to loot and plunder as wolves in sheep's clothing and exploited others through subjugation
Reference
[1] Piers Brendon, A Moral Audit of British Empire, vol 57, issue 10, 2007
[2] Grenke 2005, p 200
[3] Trafzer 1999, p. 1816
[4] Forsythe 2009, p. 297
[5] Mann, Michael (2006). The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 309.)
[6] Duggan 2007, P 497
[7] Cardoza, Anthony L. (2006). Benito Mussolini: the first fascist. Pearson Longman. p. 109.
[8] The Tyrkish Weekly Journal 29th July 2014, Accusations of French genocide against Algerians
[9] Gewald, Herero Heroes, p. 174
[10] Olusoga, David and Erichsen, Casper W (2010)
[11] The Kaiser's Holocaust. Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism. Faber and Faber., Levi, Neil; Rothberg, Michael (2003).
[12] The Holocaust: Theoretical Readings. Rutgers University Press c. p. 465
[13] Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001, p. 12
[14] Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908 (PSI Reports) by Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes
[15] The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy (Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany) by Sara L. Friedrichsmeyer
[16] Churchill, Ward (2000). Israel W. Charny, ed.Encyclopedia of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. p. 433.
[17] Hinton, Alexander L. (2002). Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide. University of California Press. p. 57
[18] (The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic Rivers," Harper & Row, (1977)
[19] Peter, p. 278., Fredric Wertham A Sign For Cain: An Exploration of Human Violence (1968)
[20] Adam Hochschild King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (1998; new edition, 2006)
[21] Hochschild, Adam: King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, Mariner Books, 1998. p. 225-233
[22] Henry Reynolds, 'Genocide in Tasmania?', in A. Dirk Moses (ed.) Genocide and settler society: frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian history, Berghahn Books, 2004 p.128.
[23] Tatz 2006, p. 125
Introduction
Great Britain
Spain
Italy
France
Germany
Portugal
Belgium
Australia
Reference
Introduction
European genocides have made them the worst criminal civilization in history. Bin Laden and all other Muslim terrorist groups combined will just be an ant under the elephant’s feet, not taking into account that these so called Islamic terrorists have been funded and empowered by west. Below is a discussion of European Genocides. Perhaps the discussion is not exhaustive to include all genocides. I have not also included here other crimes such as economic plunder, land grab, espionage, accomplice to mass killings etc. Also, I have only included the colonial era, not the middle ages such as crusades against Muslims, or the Roman world, or the post-colonial world which is really neo-colonialism.
Great Britain
“The history of the Raj was punctuated by famines, which caused tens of millions of deaths. These were not, as Mike Davis claims, colonial ‘holocausts’. But the British failed lamentably in India, as they did in Ireland, in their duty of care. Condemning ‘humanitarian hysterics’ during the worst Victorian famine, Lord Lytton said that the stoppage of his 1876 durbar ‘would be more disastrous to the permanent interests of the Empire than twenty famines’. Despite pleas from the Secretary of State for India Leo Amery during the terrible 1943-44 Bengal famine, Churchill refused to divert scarce shipping to Calcutta. He thought that ‘the starvation of anyway underfed Bengalis’ was less serious than that of sturdy Greeks, particularly as Indians would go on breeding ‘like rabbits’.
When crushing opposition in Ceylon in 1818, the British killed over one per cent of the population. Thirty years later not a single European on the island perished in the only insurrection worthy of the name. But 200 alleged rebels were hanged or shot, and more were flogged or imprisoned.
Governor Eyre’s reprisals after the Morant Bay uprising in Jamaica followed the same pattern. In the wake of their disastrous retreat from Kabul in 1842, the British meted out enough retributive homicide to earn the perpetual enmity of Afghanistan. Burma,Kenya and Iraq were subjugated with equal violence. After the Indian Mutiny soldiers such as Garnet Wolseley did much to fulfil their vow to spill ‘barrels and barrels of the filth which flows in these niggers’ veins for every drop of blood’ they had shed. During the South African War the British allowed a sixth of the Boer population, mostly children, to die in concentration camps.” [1]
Spain
With the initial conquest of the Americas completed, the Spanish implemented the encomienda system. In theory, encomienda placed groups of indigenous peoples under Spanish oversight to foster cultural assimilation and conversion to Christianity, but in practice led to the legally sanctioned exploitation of natural resources and forced labour under brutal conditions with a high death rate. Though the Spaniards did not set out to exterminate the indigenous peoples, believing their numbers to be inexhaustible, their actions led to the annihilation of entire tribes such as the Arawak[2]. In the 1760s, an expedition despatched to fortify California, led by Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra, was marked by slavery, forced conversions and genocide through the introduction of disease.[3] It is estimated that during the Spanish conquest of the Americas up to eight million indigenous people died, mainly through disease (caused by subjugation and deliberate negligence of the people)[4]
Italy
With the Pacification of Libya initiated in response to a major rebellion by indigenous Libyans against Italian colonial rule, there were mass deaths of the indigenous people in Cyrenaica - one quarter of Cyrenaica's population of 225,000 people died during the conflict[5]. Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of illegal chemical weapons, episodes of refusing to take prisoners of war and instead executing surrendering combatants, and mass executions of civilians[6]. Italian authorities committed ethnic cleansing by forcibly expelling 100,000 Bedouin Cyrenaicans, almost half the population of Cyrenaica, from their settlements that was slated to be given to Italian settlers[7].
France
According to the Algerian documents, between 350,000 and 1.5 million Algerians died during the Algerian War of Independence. According to the French side, the number of killed Algerian civilians is about 350.000, but not more!!! In memoirs, some French officers have described torture of Algerians during the war. Edouard Sablier, for instance, one of the soldiers who took part in the repression, later described the situation: "Everywhere in the towns there were camps surrounded by barbed wire containing hundreds of suspects who had been arrested… Often, when we set out to inspect an isolated hamlet in the mountains, I heard people say, 'We should punish them by taking away their crops'. Some Algerian intellectuals argue that the number of genocides against the Algerian people is not one but many. Prof. Dr. Ali Al-Hail for instance says "French constituted numerous genocides against the Algerians".
Algeria first became a colony of France in 1830. When in 1954 the Algerian people rioted against the French colonial rule, the French dispatched 400,000 troops to pacify the anti-colonial uprising. The French colonial forces launched an air and ground offensive against several eastern cities, particularly Setif and Guelma, in response to anti-French riots. The crackdown lasted several days and according to the Algerian state left 45,000 people dead. European historians put the figure at between 15,000 and 20,000. French attacks continued not only in Algerian territories but in France as well. The Paris massacre of 1961 was the most vivid example: On October 17 the French police attacked an unarmed demonstration of Algerians, who demanded the freedom of their country from French colonial rule. How many demonstrators were killed is still unclear but estimates range from 32 to 200 people. The incident had not been officially confirmed until 1999. There were executions and widespread arrests during the War of Independence. "Villages were bombed from the air and a town was shelled from a cruiser at sea. The attacks were more or less random. The point was not so much to punish the original rioters as to teach the whole Muslim population to know their place. Settlers set up their own unofficial death squads and killed hundreds of Muslims.
German and Italian prisoners of war were released to take part in the massacre". As Le Monde Diplomatique put it, "as France celebrated victory in Europe on 8 May 1945, its army was massacring thousands of civilians in Sétif and Guelma - events that were the real beginning of Algeria’s war of independence." After a war which ended in Algeria's independence in 1962, eight million Algerian residents were deprived of French nationality and hundreds of thousands of pieds-noirs (French who settled in Algeria and were re-patriated at the end of the war) were forced "home" to a place which was not home. Ahmed Ben Bella also argues that the French committed a genocide against the people and Algerian culture: "Algeria's indigenous population was decimated in the early years of French settler colonial rule, falling from over four million in 1830 to less than 2.5 million by 1890. Systematic genocide was coupled with the brutal suppression of Algerian cultural identity. Indigenous Algerians were French subjects but could only become French citizens if they renounced Islam and Arab culture. A ruthless policy of acculturation followed, and the remaining Algerians were forced to cease speaking their native Arabic and use the French of their colonial masters instead. The indigenous Muslim population of Algeria was not permitted to hold political meetings or bear arms. French archives of that time are closed and not allowed to either French or Algerian. In response to the action of the French parliament, making it an offense to deny the supposed Armenian genocide, the Turkish parliament is drafting a bill to make it illegal to deny that the French committed genocide in Algeria[8].
French involvement in Rwandan Genocide in 1994 has not been discussed here.
Germany
“I destroy the African tribes with streams of blood... Only following this cleansing can something new emerge, which will remain” [9]. Herero and Namaqua Genocide was a campaign of racial extermination and collective punishment that the government of German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia) undertook against the Herero and Nama people. It is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century[10] [11] [12] [13]. It took place between 1904 and 1907 during the Herero Wars. In total, 24,000–100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama died[14] [15]. The genocide was characterised by widespread death from starvation and thirst because the Herero who fled the violence were prevented from leaving the Namib Desert. Some sources also claim that the German colonial army systematically poisoned desert wells (Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny, "Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts" pg. 51, Routledge, 2004,). That was pre-Adolf era.
Portugal
During the Portuguese Conquest of Americas, Cabral made landfall off the Atlantic coast. Over the following decade he pursued a policy of the systematic eradication of the indigenous Tupí, Tapuya and other tribes which lived along the coast. It is estimated that of the 2.5 million indigenous peoples who had lived in the region which now comprises Brazil, less than 10 per cent survived to the 1600s[16]. Over eighty indigenous tribes were destroyed between 1900 and 1957, and of a population of over one million during this period eighty per cent had been killed through disease, violent enslavement or murder.[17]
Belgium
Leopold II (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second king of the Belgians and is chiefly remembered for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State. Abuses, especially in the rubber industry, included the effective enslavement of the native population, beatings, widespread killing, and frequent mutilation when the production quotas were not met. Estimates of the death toll range from two million to fifteen million[18] [19] [20]. Since the first official census by the Belgian authorities in 1924 put the population at about 10 million, that implies a rough estimate of 10 million dead.[21]
Australia
The extinction of the Tasmanian Aborigines is regarded as a classic case of genocide by Lemkin, most comparative scholars of genocide, and many general historians, including Robert Hughes, Ward Churchill, Leo Kuper and Jared Diamond, who base their analysis on previously published histories[22]. Between 1824 and 1908 White settlers and Native Mounted Police in Queensland, according to Raymond Evans, killed more than 10,000 Aborigines, who were regarded as vermin and sometimes even hunted for sport.[23]
The European Jews definitely have learned two things before they were trashed on Palestine: Land grab and genocide. Their European masters continue to assist them in every way possible.
The left wing white people will tolerate you as long as you are adhering to their version of liberal Ideology while the right wing will see if your white or no. The excuse of immigration to justify right wing hate is not new but their age old technique. During colonialism they used Darwinism to subjugate who they perceived as lesser races, then during ww2 they used the jews as problem of western civilization and now they using Islam and Muslims. Dont trust these right wing devils. They just end up with extinction of all that is not white, if there is indeed such a thing as pure white race... #immigration #islam #muslims #geography #multicultural #tolerance #resistance
West has lost morally. Their global persecution of people, through sanctions wars, cultural genocide, assassinations, civil turmoil, coup etc, who want independence and self determination is the proof they are afraid of revolutionary sentiments of people and proof they lack courage.... The only thing west survives is through global terrorism....their forefathers came to loot and plunder as wolves in sheep's clothing and exploited others through subjugation
Reference
[1] Piers Brendon, A Moral Audit of British Empire, vol 57, issue 10, 2007
[2] Grenke 2005, p 200
[3] Trafzer 1999, p. 1816
[4] Forsythe 2009, p. 297
[5] Mann, Michael (2006). The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 309.)
[6] Duggan 2007, P 497
[7] Cardoza, Anthony L. (2006). Benito Mussolini: the first fascist. Pearson Longman. p. 109.
[8] The Tyrkish Weekly Journal 29th July 2014, Accusations of French genocide against Algerians
[9] Gewald, Herero Heroes, p. 174
[10] Olusoga, David and Erichsen, Casper W (2010)
[11] The Kaiser's Holocaust. Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism. Faber and Faber., Levi, Neil; Rothberg, Michael (2003).
[12] The Holocaust: Theoretical Readings. Rutgers University Press c. p. 465
[13] Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001, p. 12
[14] Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908 (PSI Reports) by Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes
[15] The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy (Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany) by Sara L. Friedrichsmeyer
[16] Churchill, Ward (2000). Israel W. Charny, ed.Encyclopedia of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. p. 433.
[17] Hinton, Alexander L. (2002). Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide. University of California Press. p. 57
[18] (The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic Rivers," Harper & Row, (1977)
[19] Peter, p. 278., Fredric Wertham A Sign For Cain: An Exploration of Human Violence (1968)
[20] Adam Hochschild King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (1998; new edition, 2006)
[21] Hochschild, Adam: King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, Mariner Books, 1998. p. 225-233
[22] Henry Reynolds, 'Genocide in Tasmania?', in A. Dirk Moses (ed.) Genocide and settler society: frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian history, Berghahn Books, 2004 p.128.
[23] Tatz 2006, p. 125
